Explanation: The Business perspective of the AWS Cloud Adoption Framework (AWS CAF) focuses on ensuring that cloud investments align with business strategies and that the organization achieves business value from cloud adoption. It provides real-time insights into the organization's strategic goals, financial objectives, and metrics.
This perspective helps answer questions about strategy, ensuring that cloud adoption aligns with the organization's long-term business goals.
Why other options are not suitable:
A. Operations: Focuses on operating cloud environments effectively.
B. People: Focuses on human resources and organizational structure.
D. Platform: Focuses on infrastructure and architecture.

Explanation: According to security best practices, the best way to give an Amazon EC2 instance access to an Amazon S3 bucket is to have the EC2 instance assume a role to obtain the privileges to upload the file. A role is an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) entity that defines a set of permissions for making AWS service requests. You can use roles to delegate access to users, applications, or services that don’t normally have access to your AWS resources. For example, you can create a role that allows EC2 instances to access S3 buckets, and then attach the role to the EC2 instance. This way, the EC2 instance can assume the role and obtain temporary security credentials to access the S3 bucket. This method is more secure and scalable than storing or hardcoding IAM user credentials on the EC2 instance, as it avoids the risk of exposing or compromising the credentials. It also allows you to manage the permissions centrally and dynamically, and to audit the access using AWS CloudTrail. For more information on how to create and use roles for EC2 instances, see Using an IAM role to grant permissions to applications running on Amazon EC2 instances1.

The other options are not recommended for security reasons. Hardcoding or storing IAM user credentials on the EC2 instance is a bad practice, as it exposes the credentials to potential attackers or unauthorized users who can access the instance or the application code. It also makes it difficult to rotate or revoke the credentials, and to track the usage of the credentials. Modifying the S3 bucket policy to allow any service to upload to it at any time is also a bad practice, as it opens the bucket to potential data breaches, data loss, or data corruption. It also violates the principle of least privilege, which states that you should grant only the minimum permissions necessary for a task.

Explanation: Amazon EFS is a fully managed service that provides scalable and elastic file storage for multiple Amazon EC2 instances. Amazon EFS supports the Network File System (NFS) protocol, which allows multiple EC2 instances to access the same file system concurrently. You can learn more about Amazon EFS from this webpage or this digital course.

Explanation: IAM roles are a way of granting temporary permissions to entities that need to access AWS resources, such as users, applications, or services. IAM roles allow customers to assign permissions to entities without having to create or manage IAM users or credentials for them. IAM roles can be assumed by different entities depending on the trust policy attached to the role. For example, IAM roles can be assumed by IAM users in the same or different AWS accounts, AWS services such as EC2 or Lambda, or external identities such as federated users or web identities. IAM roles can also be switched by IAM users to temporarily change their permissions. IAM roles are recommended for managing permissions for employees who often change teams, because they allow customers to define permissions based on job roles and responsibilities, and easily assign or revoke them as needed. IAM roles also reduce the operational overhead of creating, updating, or deleting IAM users or credentials for each employee or team change.

Explanation:
The option that is a customer responsibility under the AWS shared responsibility model is B. Application data security.
According to the AWS shared responsibility model, AWS is responsible for the security of the cloud, while the customer is responsible for the security in the cloud. This means that AWS manages the security of the underlying infrastructure, such as the hardware, software, networking, and facilities that run the AWS services, while the customer manages the security of their applications, data, and resources that they use on top of AWS12.
Application data security is one of the customer responsibilities under the AWS shared responsibility model. This means that the customer is responsible for protecting their application data from unauthorized access, modification, deletion, or leakage. The customer can use various AWS services and features to help with application data security, such as encryption, key management, access control, logging, and auditing12.
Maintenance of underlying hardware of Amazon EC2 instances is not a customer responsibility under the AWS shared responsibility model. This is part of the AWS responsibility to secure the cloud. AWS manages the physical servers that host the Amazon EC2 instances and ensures that they are updated, patched, and replaced as needed13.
Physical security of data centers is not a customer responsibility under the AWS shared responsibility model. This is also part of the AWS responsibility to secure the cloud. AWS operates and controls the facilities where the AWS services are hosted and ensures that they are protected from unauthorized access, environmental hazards, fire, and theft14.
Maintenance of VPC components is not a customer responsibility under the AWS shared responsibility model. This is a shared responsibility between AWS and the customer. AWS provides the VPC service and ensures that it is secure and reliable, while the customer configures and manages their own VPCs and related components, such as subnets, route tables, security groups, network ACLs, gateways, and endpoints15.

Explanation:

• An Application Load Balancer (ALB) is the best choice for distributing incoming HTTP/HTTPS traffic evenly across multiple Amazon EC2 instances. It operates at the application layer (Layer 7 of the OSI model) and is specifically designed to handle HTTP and HTTPS traffic, which is ideal for web applications.

• Layer 7 Load Balancing: The ALB works at the application layer and provides advanced routing capabilities based on content. It can inspect the incoming HTTP requests and make decisions on how to route traffic to various backend targets, which include Amazon EC2 instances, containers, or Lambda functions. This is particularly useful for web applications where you need to make routing decisions based on HTTP headers, paths, or query strings.
• HTTP and HTTPS Support: The ALB natively supports HTTP and HTTPS protocols, making it the ideal load balancer for web-based applications. It can efficiently manage and route these types of traffic and handle tasks such as SSL/TLS termination.
• Health Checks: The ALB can continuously monitor the health of the registered EC2 instances and only route traffic to healthy instances. This ensures high availability and reliability of the web application.
• Path-based and Host-based Routing: The ALB can route traffic based on the URL path or host header. This feature allows the same load balancer to serve multiple applications hosted on different domains or subdomains.
• Integration with Auto Scaling: The ALB can integrate seamlessly with Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling. As the number of EC2 instances increases or decreases, the ALB automatically includes the new instances in its traffic distribution pool, ensuring even distribution of incoming requests.
• WebSocket Support: It also supports WebSocket and HTTP/2 protocols, which are essential for modern web applications that require real-time, bidirectional communication.

• A. Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling: This service is used to automatically scale the number of EC2 instances up or down based on specified conditions. However, it does not provide load balancing capabilities. It works well with load balancers but does not handle the distribution of incoming traffic by itself.
• C. Gateway Load Balancer: This is designed to distribute traffic to virtual appliances like firewalls, IDS/IPS systems, or deep packet inspection systems. It operates at Layer 3 (Network Layer) and is not ideal for distributing HTTP/HTTPS traffic to EC2 instances.
• D. Network Load Balancer: This load balancer operates at Layer 4 (Transport Layer) and is designed to handle millions of requests per second while maintaining ultra-low latencies. It is best suited for TCP, UDP, and TLS traffic but does not provide advanced Layer 7 routing features required for HTTP/HTTPS traffic.

Explanation: The reliability pillar of the AWS Well-Architected Framework emphasizes building systems that can recover from failures and dynamically adjust to meet demand. This includes designing to automatically recover from failures and implementing mechanisms to manage capacity demands, avoiding manual guesswork. The other options do not align with core reliability principles, as operating in a single Availability Zone or preemptively adjusting quotas in a secondary region does not inherently improve reliability.

Explanation: The AWS service that meets the requirement of providing a managed machine learning (ML) service that can recommend products based on a customer’s previous behaviors is Amazon Personalize. Amazon Personalize is a fully managed service that enables developers to create personalized recommendations for customers using their own data. Amazon Personalize can automatically process and examine the data, identify what is meaningful, select the right algorithms, and train and optimize a personalized recommendation model2. Amazon SageMaker, Amazon Pinpoint, and Amazon Comprehend are other AWS services related to machine learning, but they do not provide the specific functionality of product recommendation.

Explanation: Amazon EC2 usage is calculated by either the hour or the second based on the size of the instance, operating system, and the AWS Region where the instances are launched. Pricing is per instance-hour consumed for each instance, from the time an instance is launched until it’s terminated or stopped. Each partial instance-hour consumed is billed per-second for Linux instances and as a full hour for all other instance types1. Therefore, the customer will be billed for 3 hours and 6 minutes for running an On-Demand Amazon Linux EC2 instance for 3 hours, 5 minutes, and 6 seconds.

Explanation: AWS WAF is a web application firewall that helps protect applications from SQL injection attacks and other common web exploits. By defining rules to block, allow, or monitor specific types of requests, AWS WAF provides an effective defense against SQL injection. Network ACLs and Security Groups provide network-level security but do not inspect web traffic for specific attack patterns like SQL injection.

Explanation: S3 Intelligent-Tiering is cost-effective for data with unpredictable access patterns. It automatically moves data between two access tiers (frequent and infrequent) based on access patterns, which is suitable for data accessed daily or infrequently. S3 Glacier Deep Archive is for archival data accessed infrequently, and S3 One Zone-IA is for infrequent access data stored in a single availability zone, which may not be ideal for data accessed daily.

Explanation: AWS Artifact is your go-to, central resource for compliance-related information that matters to you. It provides on-demand access to AWS’s security and compliance reports and select online agreements. Reports available in AWS Artifact include our Service Organization Control (SOC) reports, Payment Card Industry (PCI) attestation of compliance, and certifications from accreditation bodies across geographies and compliance verticals that validate the implementation and operating effectiveness of AWS security controls. Agreements available in AWS Artifact include the Business Associate Addendum (BAA) and the Nondisclosure Agreement (NDA). AWS Artifact helps you answer the most frequently asked security and compliance questions that AWS receives from its users.