The color coding of evacuated tubes provides information about all of the following except the: Question options:

A. volume of specimen collected

B. need to invert the tube

C. presence of an anticoagulant

D. type of specimen collected

A phlebotomist has just performed a venipuncture on a patient. How would the phlebotomist dispose of the used needle?

A. In the biohazard wastebasket

B. In the wastebasket with the regular garbage

C. Place on the phlebotomy tray and dispose in the laboratory

D. In the sharps container

The renal threshold is the maximum amount of a substance that the kidney can prevent from entering into the urine.
UA & body fluids
The renal threshold is best described as:

A. Concentration at which a substance in the blood spills into urine

B. Concentration at which reabsorption first occurs

C. Concentration at which kidney can no longer filter the blood

D. Concentration at which kidney failure begins

Serum amylase and lipase levels may be slightly elevated in chronic pancreatitis, but not diagnostic enough to predict chronic pancreatitis; wheras high levels are found only during acute pancreatitis episodes. In the later stages of chronic pancreatitis, normal to decreased levels of amylase and lipase are caused by the gradual inability of the pancreas to secrete the enzyme. All of the statements below regarding amylase and lipase in pancreatitis are TRUE EXCEPT:

A. Amylase and lipase are as predictive in chronic as in acute pancreatitis.

B. Diagnosis sensitivity is increased by assaying both amylase and lipase.

C. Urinary amylase: creatinine ratio is the most sensitive test for acute pancreatitis.

D. Serum lipase peaks at 24 hours after an episode of acute pancreatitis and remains high for 7-8 days.

A combination of (nonselective) 5% sheep blood and (selective) MacConkey agars is sufficient for the recovery of the pathogenic microorganisms that are most commonly encountered in urinary tract infections (UTIs). MacConkey is the selective culture medium that is most commonly used to inhibit growth of gram-positive organisms (most UTIs are caused by gram-negative organisms).
Eosin methylene blue (EMB) is a selective agar that also inhibits the growth of grampositive organisms. Therefore, using only a combination of MacConkey and EMB would prevent the detection of a gram-positive organism, if this were the cause of the infection. Chocolate agar or other enriched media may be needed in addition to blood and MacConkey if a more fastidious organism is suspected.
Thayer-Martin would be used specifically for recovery of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Thayer- Martin (or Modified Thayer-Martin) inhibits other microorganisms and allows the selective recovery of both N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis.
Microbiology
Which culture agar combinations below will usually be sufficient for MOST routine urine culture investigations?

A. 5% sheep blood and Chocolate

B. 5% sheep blood and MacConkey

C. 5% sheep blood and Thayer-Martin

D. MacConkey and Eosin Methylene Blue

E. Thayer-Martin and Chocolate

The agency within Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) responsible for implementing CLIA'88 is:

A. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

B. Commission on Office Laboratory Accredition (COLA)

C. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)

D. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability (HIPPA)

Enterobius vermicularis infection occurs through swallowing ova. Pinworm infections including those caused by Enterobius vermicularis, usually occur due to a fecal-oral route of transmission. According to the CDC, "Eggs are deposited on perianal folds. Selfinfection occurs by transferring infective eggs to the mouth with hands that have scratched the perianal area. Person-to-person transmission can also occur through handling of contaminated clothes or bed linens. Enterobiasis may also be acquired through surfaces in the environment that are contaminated with pinworm eggs (e.g. , curtains, carpeting). Some small number of eggs may become airborne and inhaled. These would be swallowed and follow the same development as ingested eggs. Following ingestion of infective eggs, the larvae hatch in the small intestine and the adults establish themselves in the colon. The time interval from ingestion of infective eggs to oviposition by the adult females is about one month. The life span of the adults is about two months. Gravid females migrate nocturnally outside the anus and oviposit while crawling on the skin of the perianal area. The larvae contained inside the eggs develop (the eggs become infective) in 4 to 6 hours under optimal conditions . Retroinfection, or the migration of newly hatched larvae from the anal skin back into the rectum, may occur but the frequency with which this happens is unknown."
Enterobius vermicularis infection occurs through:

A. penetration of larvae through skin

B. penetration of adult through skin an resulting production of larvae

C. ingesting or inhaling ova

D. ingesting a segment of the adult worm

Gram positive organisms resist decolorization by ethyl alcohol. The large crystal violetiodine complex is not able to penetrate the peptidoglycan layer, and is trapped within the cell in gram-positive organisms. Conversely, the outer membrane of gram-negative organisms is degraded and the thinner peptidoglycan layer of gram-negative cells is unable to retain the crystal violet-iodine complex and the color is lost. What is the purpose of using ethyl alcohol or acetone in the gram stain procedure:

A. Fix all gram positive organisms

B. Decolorize all gram positive organisms

C. Decolorize all gram negative organisms

D. Fix all gram negative organisms

Incompatiblity involving the ABO blood group system can cause the most severe type of transfusion reaction. The cause of the most severe life-threatening hemolytic transfusion reactions is:

A. Anti-D

B. Anti-M

C. Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-A, B

D. Anti-Fya

In an evacuated tube, blood flow into the tube depends on:

A. air pressure

B. gravity

C. blood pressure

D. the vacuum in the tube

Either immunofixation or immunoelectrophoresis can be used to confirm Bence-Jones proteinuria. Which of the following methods would be used to confirm the presence of Bence-Jones protein in the urine:

A. Urine protein electrophoresis

B. Sulfosalicylic acid

C. Isoelectric focusing

D. Immunofixation

A laboratory scientist is working the night shift at a local hospital when the power goes out. What is the course of action to continue to provide laboratory results?

A. Wait until the power comes back

B. Hold all laboratory testing until the power comes back

C. Initiate the downtime protocol for an outage

D. Wait until the physician calls asking for results