Isotonic or normal saline is a 0.85 % solution of sodium chloride in water. The concentration of sodium chloride in an isotonic solution is:

A. 8.5 %

B. 0.85 %

C. 0.08 %

D. 1 molar

Troponin is a very specific biomarker that is released during cardiac injury or stress. CK is found not only in cardiac tissue, but also in muscle and brain tissue. LD levels can be elevated in cardiac events, tissue breakdown, and hemolysis. Myoglobin is elevated when muscle tissue is damaged and is not specific for the heart muscle.
Chemistry
Which one of the following is the MOST specific biochemical marker of myocardial infarction?

A. CK

B. LD

C. Troponin

D. myoglobin

The MCV is indicative of microcytosis with MCV=<80fL. The RDW is within normal limits and indicative of a homogenous cell population.
If the MCV was >100 fL, this would be indicative of macrocytosis. An RDW that was outside of normal limits would be indicative of a heterogenous cell population.
An 18 year old female has a CBC as part of a routine physical exam. The following results were obtained and the physician determines she is anemic. After reviewing her CBC results shown below, which of the following would be an appropriate description of the anemia?
White blood cells (WBC): 5.6 x 10^9/L (RR:4.0-10.0 x 10^9/L)
Red blood cells (RBC): 3.7 x 10^12/L (RR: 4.2-5.9 x 10^12/L)
Hemoglobin: 9.9 g/dL (RR:12-16 g/dL)
Hematocrit: 28% (RR: 37-48%)
MCV: 75 fL (80-100 fL)
RDW-CV: 14% (RR: 11.0-15.0%)

A. Macrocytic, heterogenous

B. Macrocytic, homogenous

C. Microcytic, heterogenous

D. Microcytic, homogenous

The intended response is "transfusion dimorphism". The microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes suggests iron deficiency anemia. Interspersed among these cells are normocytic, normochromic erythrocytes suggesting two populations of red cells following transfusion. This was a case of severe iron deficiency treated with red cell transfusions and iron supplement. The condition most likely associated with the peripheral blood picture in the photograph is:

A. Hereditary spherocytosis

B. Lead poisoning

C. Transfusion dimorphism

D. Folic acid deficiency

Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH, has the important role of conserving body water by reducing the loss of water in urine by changing the water permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct. An increase in ADH causes a concentrated urine since the water is retained and absorbed through the permeable membrane. An decrease in ADH causes the collecting ducts to retain very little water, instead it is excreted as urine.
Chemistry
Which of the following action describes the MAJOR property of antidiuretic hormone?

A. acts on proximal tubules.

B. changes distal tubule water permeability

C. Acts on Na/K/(H') pump

D. cannot be affected by diuretics

E. controls thirst

Amniotic fluid bilirubin is increased in association with the severity of hemolytic diseases of the newborn. As red blood cells lyse during these conditions, bilirubin builds up as a byproduct of the red cell destruction. The more red blood cells that are being destroyed in the baby, the more increased the bilirubin level will become. Which one of the following tests BEST correlates with the severity of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

A. Rh antibody titer of baby's blood

B. L/S ratio

C. amniotic fluid bilirubin

D. antibody titer of mother's blood

Overcentrifugation may cause either a false negative result (if too much agitation is required for resuspension), or a false positive, (if centrifuged clumps cannot be completely dispersed). High concentration of IgG paraprotein, and failure to adequately wash cells can leave unbound IgG which will neutralize antiglobulin reagent. Delay of addition of antiglobulin reagent may allow previously bound IgG antibody to dissociate from red cells.
Blood bank
Which of the following might cause a false positive indirect antiglobulin test:

A. Failure to adequately wash cells

B. Delay of addition of antiglobulin reagent.

C. Overcentrifugation

D. High concentration of IgG paraprotein in a patient's serum

Provide the equivalent measurement for one pint.

A. 4.2 liters

B. 0.25 liters

C. 0.1 liter

D. 0.474 liters

An automated method for measuring chloride which generates silver ions in the reaction is called:

A. Coulometry

B. Potentiometry

C. Chromatography

D. Polarography

E. Densitometry

As a general rule, CSF glucose is about two thirds of the serum glucose measured in a normal adult.
Chemistry
Which of the following would be considered a normal cerebrospinal fluid glucose if the serum glucose is 70 mg/dl?

A. 30 mg/dl

B. 45 mg/dl

C. 60 mg/dl

D. 70 mg/dl

E. 100 mg/dl

Which of the following genotypes cause beta thalassemia minor?

A. B/B

B. B+/B

C. B0/B

D. B0/B0

Provide the equivalent measurement for 1 centimeter.

A. 1 kilometer

B. 10 millimeters

C. 1 inch

D. 5 millimeters